Xiaojun Zhan, Jing Zheng, Yang Zhao, Bairen Zhu, Rui Cheng, Jizhuang Wang, Jun Liu, Jiang Tang, Jinyao Tang
Light‐driven micro/nanomotors are promising candidates for long‐envisioned next‐generation nanorobotics for targeted drug delivery, noninvasive surgery, nanofabrication, and beyond. To achieve these fantastic applications, effective control of the micro/nanomotor is essential. Light has been proved as the most versatile method for microswimmer manipulation, while the light propagation direction, intensity, and wavelength have been explored as controlling signals for light‐responsive nanomotors. Here, the controlling method is expanded to the polarization state of the light, and a nanomotor with a significant dichroic ratio is demonstrated. Due to the anisotropic crystal structure, light polarized parallel to the Sb2Se3 nanowires is preferentially absorbed. The core–shell Sb2Se3/ZnO nanomotor exhibits strong dichroic swimming behavior: the swimming speed is ≈3 times faster when illuminated with parallel polarized light than perpendicular polarized light. Furthermore, by incorporating two cross‐aligned dichroic nanomotors, a polarotactic artificial microswimmer is achieved, which can be navigated by controlling the polarization direction of the incident light. Compared to the well‐studied light‐driven rotary motors based on optical tweezers, this dichroic microswimmer offers eight orders of magnitude light‐intensity reduction, which may enable large‐scale nanomanipulation as well as other heat‐sensitive applications.
DOI
Showing posts with label Advanced Materials. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Advanced Materials. Show all posts
Thursday, January 9, 2020
Thursday, June 6, 2019
Synthesis of Colloidal SU‐8 Polymer Rods Using Sonication
Carla Fernández‐Rico, Taiki Yanagishima, Arran Curran, Dirk G. A. L. Aarts, Roel P. A. Dullens
The bulk synthesis of fluorescent colloidal SU‐8 polymer rods with tunable dimensions is described. The colloidal SU‐8 rods are prepared by shearing an emulsion of SU‐8 polymer droplets and then exposing the resulting non‐Brownian rods to ultrasonic waves, which breaks them into colloidal rods with typical lengths of 3.5–10 µm and diameters of 0.4–1 µm. The rods are stable in both aqueous and apolar solvents, and by varying the composition of apolar solvent mixtures both the difference in refractive index and mass density between particles and solvent can be independently controlled. Consequently, these colloidal SU‐8 rods can be used in both 3D confocal microscopy and optical trapping experiments while carefully tuning the effect of gravity. This is demonstrated by using confocal microscopy to image the liquid crystalline phases and the isotropic–nematic interface formed by the colloidal SU‐8 rods and by optically trapping single rods in water. Finally, the simultaneous confocal imaging and optical manipulation of multiple SU‐8 rods in the isotropic phase is shown.
DOI
The bulk synthesis of fluorescent colloidal SU‐8 polymer rods with tunable dimensions is described. The colloidal SU‐8 rods are prepared by shearing an emulsion of SU‐8 polymer droplets and then exposing the resulting non‐Brownian rods to ultrasonic waves, which breaks them into colloidal rods with typical lengths of 3.5–10 µm and diameters of 0.4–1 µm. The rods are stable in both aqueous and apolar solvents, and by varying the composition of apolar solvent mixtures both the difference in refractive index and mass density between particles and solvent can be independently controlled. Consequently, these colloidal SU‐8 rods can be used in both 3D confocal microscopy and optical trapping experiments while carefully tuning the effect of gravity. This is demonstrated by using confocal microscopy to image the liquid crystalline phases and the isotropic–nematic interface formed by the colloidal SU‐8 rods and by optically trapping single rods in water. Finally, the simultaneous confocal imaging and optical manipulation of multiple SU‐8 rods in the isotropic phase is shown.
DOI
Wednesday, October 17, 2018
Dissipative Self‐Assembly of Anisotropic Nanoparticle Chains with Combined Electrodynamic and Electrostatic Interactions
Fan Nan, Fei Han, Norbert F. Scherer, Zijie Yan
Dissipative self‐assembly of colloidal nanoparticles offers the prospect of creating reconfigurable artificial materials and systems, yet the phenomenon only occurs far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Therefore, it is usually difficult to predict and control. Here, a dissipative colloidal solution system, where anisotropic chains with different interparticle separations in two perpendicular directions transiently arise among largely disordered silver nanoparticles illuminated by a laser beam, is reported. The optical field creates a nonequilibrium dissipative state, where a disorder‐to‐order transition occurs driven by anisotropic electrodynamic interactions coupled with electrostatic interactions. Investigation of the temporal dynamics and spatial arrangements of the nanoparticle system shows that the optical binding strength and entropy of the system are two crucial parameters for the formation of the anisotropic chains and responsible for adaptive behaviors, such as self‐replication of dimer units. Formation of anisotropic nanoparticle chains is also observed among colloidal nanoparticles made from other metal (e.g., Au), polymer (e.g., polystyrene), ceramic (e.g., CeO2), and hybrid materials (e.g., SiO2@Au core–shell), suggesting that light‐driven self‐organization will provide a wide range of opportunities to discover new dissipative structures under thermal fluctuations and build novel anisotropic materials with nanoscale order.
DOI
Dissipative self‐assembly of colloidal nanoparticles offers the prospect of creating reconfigurable artificial materials and systems, yet the phenomenon only occurs far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Therefore, it is usually difficult to predict and control. Here, a dissipative colloidal solution system, where anisotropic chains with different interparticle separations in two perpendicular directions transiently arise among largely disordered silver nanoparticles illuminated by a laser beam, is reported. The optical field creates a nonequilibrium dissipative state, where a disorder‐to‐order transition occurs driven by anisotropic electrodynamic interactions coupled with electrostatic interactions. Investigation of the temporal dynamics and spatial arrangements of the nanoparticle system shows that the optical binding strength and entropy of the system are two crucial parameters for the formation of the anisotropic chains and responsible for adaptive behaviors, such as self‐replication of dimer units. Formation of anisotropic nanoparticle chains is also observed among colloidal nanoparticles made from other metal (e.g., Au), polymer (e.g., polystyrene), ceramic (e.g., CeO2), and hybrid materials (e.g., SiO2@Au core–shell), suggesting that light‐driven self‐organization will provide a wide range of opportunities to discover new dissipative structures under thermal fluctuations and build novel anisotropic materials with nanoscale order.
DOI
Monday, August 27, 2018
Label‐Free Optical Single‐Molecule Micro‐ and Nanosensors
Sivaraman Subramanian, Hsin‐Yu Wu, Tom Constant, Jolly Xavier, Frank Vollmer
Label‐free optical sensor systems have emerged that exhibit extraordinary sensitivity for detecting physical, chemical, and biological entities at the micro/nanoscale. Particularly exciting is the detection and analysis of molecules, on miniature optical devices that have many possible applications in health, environment, and security. These micro‐ and nanosensors have now reached a sensitivity level that allows for the detection and analysis of even single molecules. Their small size enables an exceedingly high sensitivity, and the application of quantum optical measurement techniques can allow the classical limits of detection to be approached or surpassed. The new class of label‐free micro‐ and nanosensors allows dynamic processes at the single‐molecule level to be observed directly with light. By virtue of their small interaction length, these micro‐ and nanosensors probe light–matter interactions over a dynamic range often inaccessible by other optical techniques. For researchers entering this rapidly advancing field of single‐molecule micro‐ and nanosensors, there is an urgent need for a timely review that covers the most recent developments and that identifies the most exciting opportunities. The focus here is to provide a summary of the recent techniques that have either demonstrated label‐free single‐molecule detection or claim single‐molecule sensitivity.
DOI
Label‐free optical sensor systems have emerged that exhibit extraordinary sensitivity for detecting physical, chemical, and biological entities at the micro/nanoscale. Particularly exciting is the detection and analysis of molecules, on miniature optical devices that have many possible applications in health, environment, and security. These micro‐ and nanosensors have now reached a sensitivity level that allows for the detection and analysis of even single molecules. Their small size enables an exceedingly high sensitivity, and the application of quantum optical measurement techniques can allow the classical limits of detection to be approached or surpassed. The new class of label‐free micro‐ and nanosensors allows dynamic processes at the single‐molecule level to be observed directly with light. By virtue of their small interaction length, these micro‐ and nanosensors probe light–matter interactions over a dynamic range often inaccessible by other optical techniques. For researchers entering this rapidly advancing field of single‐molecule micro‐ and nanosensors, there is an urgent need for a timely review that covers the most recent developments and that identifies the most exciting opportunities. The focus here is to provide a summary of the recent techniques that have either demonstrated label‐free single‐molecule detection or claim single‐molecule sensitivity.
DOI
Wednesday, February 14, 2018
Nanoparticle–Cell Interaction: A Cell Mechanics Perspective
Dedy Septiadi, Federica Crippa, Thomas Lee Moore, Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser, Alke Petri-Fink
Progress in the field of nanoparticles has enabled the rapid development of multiple products and technologies; however, some nanoparticles can pose both a threat to the environment and human health. To enable their safe implementation, a comprehensive knowledge of nanoparticles and their biological interactions is needed. In vitro and in vivo toxicity tests have been considered the gold standard to evaluate nanoparticle safety, but it is becoming necessary to understand the impact of nanosystems on cell mechanics. Here, the interaction between particles and cells, from the point of view of cell mechanics (i.e., bionanomechanics), is highlighted and put in perspective. Specifically, the ability of intracellular and extracellular nanoparticles to impair cell adhesion, cytoskeletal organization, stiffness, and migration are discussed. Furthermore, the development of cutting-edge, nanotechnology-driven tools based on the use of particles allowing the determination of cell mechanics is emphasized. These include traction force microscopy, colloidal probe atomic force microscopy, optical tweezers, magnetic manipulation, and particle tracking microrheology.
DOI
Progress in the field of nanoparticles has enabled the rapid development of multiple products and technologies; however, some nanoparticles can pose both a threat to the environment and human health. To enable their safe implementation, a comprehensive knowledge of nanoparticles and their biological interactions is needed. In vitro and in vivo toxicity tests have been considered the gold standard to evaluate nanoparticle safety, but it is becoming necessary to understand the impact of nanosystems on cell mechanics. Here, the interaction between particles and cells, from the point of view of cell mechanics (i.e., bionanomechanics), is highlighted and put in perspective. Specifically, the ability of intracellular and extracellular nanoparticles to impair cell adhesion, cytoskeletal organization, stiffness, and migration are discussed. Furthermore, the development of cutting-edge, nanotechnology-driven tools based on the use of particles allowing the determination of cell mechanics is emphasized. These include traction force microscopy, colloidal probe atomic force microscopy, optical tweezers, magnetic manipulation, and particle tracking microrheology.
DOI
Monday, November 20, 2017
Engineering Cell Surface Function with DNA Origami
Ehsan Akbari, Molly Y. Mollica, Christopher R. Lucas, Sarah M. Bushman, Randy A. Patton, Melika Shahhosseini, Jonathan W. Song, Carlos E. Castro
A specific and reversible method is reported to engineer cell-membrane function by embedding DNA-origami nanodevices onto the cell surface. Robust membrane functionalization across epithelial, mesenchymal, and nonadherent immune cells is achieved with DNA nanoplatforms that enable functions including the construction of higher-order DNA assemblies at the cell surface and programed cell–cell adhesion between homotypic and heterotypic cells via sequence-specific DNA hybridization. It is anticipated that integration of DNA-origami nanodevices can transform the cell membrane into an engineered material that can mimic, manipulate, and measure biophysical and biochemical function within the plasma membrane of living cells.
DOI
A specific and reversible method is reported to engineer cell-membrane function by embedding DNA-origami nanodevices onto the cell surface. Robust membrane functionalization across epithelial, mesenchymal, and nonadherent immune cells is achieved with DNA nanoplatforms that enable functions including the construction of higher-order DNA assemblies at the cell surface and programed cell–cell adhesion between homotypic and heterotypic cells via sequence-specific DNA hybridization. It is anticipated that integration of DNA-origami nanodevices can transform the cell membrane into an engineered material that can mimic, manipulate, and measure biophysical and biochemical function within the plasma membrane of living cells.
DOI
Tuesday, June 27, 2017
Metasurfaces and Colloidal Suspensions Composed of 3D Chiral Si Nanoresonators
Ruggero Verre, Lei Shao, Nils Odebo Länk, Pawel Karpinski, Andrew B. Yankovich, Tomasz J. Antosiewicz, Eva Olsson, Mikael Käll
High-refractive-index silicon nanoresonators are promising low-loss alternatives to plasmonic particles in CMOS-compatible nanophotonics applications. However, complex 3D particle morphologies are challenging to realize in practice, thus limiting the range of achievable optical functionalities. Using 3D film structuring and a novel gradient mask transfer technique, the first intrinsically chiral dielectric metasurface is fabricated in the form of a monolayer of twisted silicon nanocrescents that can be easily detached and dissolved into colloidal suspension. The metasurfaces exhibit selective handedness and a circular dichroism as large as 160° µm−1 due to pronounced differences in induced current loops for left-handed and right-handed polarization. The detailed morphology of the detached particles is analyzed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, it is shown that the particles can be manipulated in solution using optical tweezers. The fabrication and detachment method can be extended to different nanoparticle geometries and paves the way for a wide range of novel nanophotonic experiments and applications of high-index dielectrics.
DOI
High-refractive-index silicon nanoresonators are promising low-loss alternatives to plasmonic particles in CMOS-compatible nanophotonics applications. However, complex 3D particle morphologies are challenging to realize in practice, thus limiting the range of achievable optical functionalities. Using 3D film structuring and a novel gradient mask transfer technique, the first intrinsically chiral dielectric metasurface is fabricated in the form of a monolayer of twisted silicon nanocrescents that can be easily detached and dissolved into colloidal suspension. The metasurfaces exhibit selective handedness and a circular dichroism as large as 160° µm−1 due to pronounced differences in induced current loops for left-handed and right-handed polarization. The detailed morphology of the detached particles is analyzed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, it is shown that the particles can be manipulated in solution using optical tweezers. The fabrication and detachment method can be extended to different nanoparticle geometries and paves the way for a wide range of novel nanophotonic experiments and applications of high-index dielectrics.
DOI
Thursday, October 6, 2016
Capture of 2D Microparticle Arrays via a UV-Triggered Thiol-yne “Click” Reaction
Debora Walker, Dhruv P. Singh, Peer Fischer
Immobilization of colloidal assemblies onto solid supports via a fast UV-triggered click-reaction is achieved. Transient assemblies of microparticles and colloidal materials can be captured and transferred to solid supports. The technique does not require complex reaction conditions, and is compatible with a variety of particle assembly methods.
DOI
Immobilization of colloidal assemblies onto solid supports via a fast UV-triggered click-reaction is achieved. Transient assemblies of microparticles and colloidal materials can be captured and transferred to solid supports. The technique does not require complex reaction conditions, and is compatible with a variety of particle assembly methods.
DOI
Thursday, August 25, 2016
Laser Refrigeration of Ytterbium-Doped Sodium–Yttrium–Fluoride Nanowires
Xuezhe Zhou, Bennett E. Smith, Paden B. Roder, Peter J. Pauzauskie
Sodium yttrium fluoride (β-NaYF4) nanowires (NWs) with a hexagonal crystal structure are synthesized using a low-cost hydrothermal process and are shown to undergo laser refrigeration based on an upconversion process leading to anti-Stokes (blueshifted) photoluminescence. Single-beam laser trapping combined with forward light scattering is used to investigate cryophotonic laser refrigeration of individual NWs through analysis of their local Brownian dynamics.
DOI
Sodium yttrium fluoride (β-NaYF4) nanowires (NWs) with a hexagonal crystal structure are synthesized using a low-cost hydrothermal process and are shown to undergo laser refrigeration based on an upconversion process leading to anti-Stokes (blueshifted) photoluminescence. Single-beam laser trapping combined with forward light scattering is used to investigate cryophotonic laser refrigeration of individual NWs through analysis of their local Brownian dynamics.
DOI
Thursday, August 4, 2016
Light-Mediated Manufacture and Manipulation of Actuators
Dong-Dong Han, Yong-Lai Zhang, Jia-Nan Ma, Yu-Qing Liu, Bing Han, Hong-Bo Sun
Recent years have seen a considerable growth of research interests in developing novel technologies that permit designable manufacture and controllable manipulation of actuators. Among various fabrication and driving strategies, light has emerged as an enabler to reach this end, contributing to the development of actuators. Several accessible light-mediated manufacturing technologies, such as ultraviolet (UV) lithography and direct laser writing (DLW), are summarized. A series of light-driven strategies including optical trapping, photochemical actuation, and photothermal actuation for controllable manipulation of actuators is introduced. Current challenges and future perspectives of this field are discussed. To generalize, light holds great promise for the development of actuators.
DOI
Recent years have seen a considerable growth of research interests in developing novel technologies that permit designable manufacture and controllable manipulation of actuators. Among various fabrication and driving strategies, light has emerged as an enabler to reach this end, contributing to the development of actuators. Several accessible light-mediated manufacturing technologies, such as ultraviolet (UV) lithography and direct laser writing (DLW), are summarized. A series of light-driven strategies including optical trapping, photochemical actuation, and photothermal actuation for controllable manipulation of actuators is introduced. Current challenges and future perspectives of this field are discussed. To generalize, light holds great promise for the development of actuators.
DOI
Tuesday, July 12, 2016
Core–Shell Particles for Simultaneous 3D Imaging and Optical Tweezing in Dense Colloidal Materials
Yanyan Liu, Kazem V. Edmond, Arran Curran, Charles Bryant, Bo Peng, Dirk G. A. L. Aarts, Stefano Sacanna, Roel P. A. Dullens
A new colloidal system which consists of core–shell “probe” particles embedded in an optically transparent “host” particle suspension is developed. This system enables simultaneous fast confocal imaging and optical tweezing in dense 3D colloidal materials.
DOI
A new colloidal system which consists of core–shell “probe” particles embedded in an optically transparent “host” particle suspension is developed. This system enables simultaneous fast confocal imaging and optical tweezing in dense 3D colloidal materials.
DOI
Wednesday, February 3, 2016
Thermal Scanning at the Cellular Level by an Optically Trapped Upconverting Fluorescent Particle
Paloma Rodríguez-Sevilla, Yuhai Zhang, Patricia Haro-González, Francisco Sanz-Rodríguez, Francisco Jaque, José García Solé, Xiaogang Liu, Daniel Jaque
3D optical manipulation of a thermal-sensing upconverting particle allows for the determination of the extension of the thermal gradient created in the surroundings of a plasmonic-mediated photothermal-treated HeLa cancer cell.
DOI
3D optical manipulation of a thermal-sensing upconverting particle allows for the determination of the extension of the thermal gradient created in the surroundings of a plasmonic-mediated photothermal-treated HeLa cancer cell.
DOI
Wednesday, November 21, 2012
Optimizing Diffusive Transport Through a Synthetic Membrane Channel
Stefano Pagliara, Christian Schwall, Ulrich F. Keyser
Channel-facilitated transport is investigated by introducing a novel, synthetic model system at the microscale. Colloidal particle flux is increased beyond the limit of free diffusion by introducing an attractive and tunable binding potential created by holographic optical tweezers. The optimal potential depth enhances the diffusive current by a factor of three.
DOI
Channel-facilitated transport is investigated by introducing a novel, synthetic model system at the microscale. Colloidal particle flux is increased beyond the limit of free diffusion by introducing an attractive and tunable binding potential created by holographic optical tweezers. The optimal potential depth enhances the diffusive current by a factor of three.
DOI
Wednesday, September 26, 2012
Molecular Catch and Release: Controlled Delivery Using Optical Trapping with Light-Responsive Liposomes
Sarah J. Leung, Marek Romanowski
Gold-coated liposomes are maneuvered using an optical trap to achieve precise delivery of encapsulated molecular cargo. Movement and payload release from these plasmon resonant nanocapsules are independently controlled using a pulsed trapping beam. This technology enables in vitro delivery of a payload to a selected cell and may be applied to the interrogation of individual cells within their biological microenvironment.
DOI
Gold-coated liposomes are maneuvered using an optical trap to achieve precise delivery of encapsulated molecular cargo. Movement and payload release from these plasmon resonant nanocapsules are independently controlled using a pulsed trapping beam. This technology enables in vitro delivery of a payload to a selected cell and may be applied to the interrogation of individual cells within their biological microenvironment.
DOI
Sunday, July 22, 2012
Optical-Tweezers Assembly-Line for the Construction of Complex Functional Zeolite L Structures
M. Veiga-Gutiérrez, M. Woerdemann, E. Prasetyanto, C. Denz, L. De Cola
An optical-tweezers assembly-line is presented, which has high potential for the construction of complex structures of zeolite L crystals and other microscopic building blocks. Different examples of assembled 2D and 3D zeolite structures are discussed. These include well-oriented monolayers, microtowers, and angle-aligned dye-loaded zeolites, which suggests exciting applications, for example as microscopic polarization sensors.
DOI
An optical-tweezers assembly-line is presented, which has high potential for the construction of complex structures of zeolite L crystals and other microscopic building blocks. Different examples of assembled 2D and 3D zeolite structures are discussed. These include well-oriented monolayers, microtowers, and angle-aligned dye-loaded zeolites, which suggests exciting applications, for example as microscopic polarization sensors.
DOI
Thursday, June 28, 2012
Optically Directed Mesoscale Assembly and Patterning of Electrically Conductive Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Structures
John T. Bahns, Subramanian K. R. S. Sankaranarayanan, Noel C. Giebink, Hui Xiong, Stephen K. Gray
Directed colloidal synthesis of conductive organic–inorganic hybrid mesoscale structuresis reported. The technique is simple but allows hierarchical assembly and 2D patterning of materials. A focused laser spot is used to direct the colloidal assembly of nanoparticles into electrically conductive organic–inorganic hybrid mesoscale filaments with arbitrary permanent patterns on a glass surface.
DOI
Directed colloidal synthesis of conductive organic–inorganic hybrid mesoscale structuresis reported. The technique is simple but allows hierarchical assembly and 2D patterning of materials. A focused laser spot is used to direct the colloidal assembly of nanoparticles into electrically conductive organic–inorganic hybrid mesoscale filaments with arbitrary permanent patterns on a glass surface.
DOI
Monday, November 21, 2011
Chiral Self-Assembled Solid Microspheres: A Novel Multifunctional Microphotonic Device
Gabriella Cipparrone, Alfredo Mazzulla, Alfredo Pane, Raul Josue Hernandez, Roberto Bartolino
Solid chiral microspheres with unique and multifunctional optical properties are produced from cholesteric liquid crystal-water emulsions using photopolymerization processes. These self-organizing microspheres exhibit different internal configurations of helicoidal structures with radial, conical or cylindrical geometries, depending on the physicochemical characteristics of the precursor liquid crystal emulsion.
DOI
Solid chiral microspheres with unique and multifunctional optical properties are produced from cholesteric liquid crystal-water emulsions using photopolymerization processes. These self-organizing microspheres exhibit different internal configurations of helicoidal structures with radial, conical or cylindrical geometries, depending on the physicochemical characteristics of the precursor liquid crystal emulsion.
DOI
Monday, August 30, 2010
Dynamic and Reversible Organization of Zeolite L Crystals Induced by Holographic Optical Tweezers
Mike Woerdemann, Stefan Gläsener, Florian Hörner, André Devaux, Luisa De Cola, Cornelia Denz
Organization and patterning of zeolite L crystals with their unique properties such as their one-dimensional nano channel system is of highest topical interest with various applications in many areas of science. We demonstrate full three-dimensional optical control of single zeolite L crystals and for the first time fully reversible, dynamic organization of a multitude of individually controlled zeolite L crystals.
DOI
Organization and patterning of zeolite L crystals with their unique properties such as their one-dimensional nano channel system is of highest topical interest with various applications in many areas of science. We demonstrate full three-dimensional optical control of single zeolite L crystals and for the first time fully reversible, dynamic organization of a multitude of individually controlled zeolite L crystals.
DOI
Tuesday, February 2, 2010
Towards Holonomic Control of Janus Particles in Optomagnetic Traps
Randall M. Erb, Nathan J. Jenness, Robert L. Clark, Benjamin B. Yellen
A novel "dot" Janus particle is presented, which is compatible with optical traps and magnetic fields, allowing for direct control over five of the particle's degrees of freedom. With an additional constraint of the final sixth degree of freedom, this system represents the highest control ever achieved over freely suspended colloids, opening up the possibility for novel applications in intermolecular force measurement, microfluidics, and self-assembly.
A novel "dot" Janus particle is presented, which is compatible with optical traps and magnetic fields, allowing for direct control over five of the particle's degrees of freedom. With an additional constraint of the final sixth degree of freedom, this system represents the highest control ever achieved over freely suspended colloids, opening up the possibility for novel applications in intermolecular force measurement, microfluidics, and self-assembly.
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